??? ?????, ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????????? ??? ???????????????? ????? ??? ???????????, ??????????? ???? ????????? ????????. ?????????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ???????????, ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????????. ? ?????????, ???????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? (8.41.8). ? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??? 420-400 ?.?. ??? ???????????? ??? ????????? ? ???????, ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????, ??? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????, ?? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????. ? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??? ????? ? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??? ????. ? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? 7?? ??. ?.?., ?????????? ???? ???? ????. ??????????? ??? ? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???, ???? ??? 600 ??? ???? ??? 500 ?.?., ??????????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ????, ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????. ? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ?-?, ???? ?-?, ???? ??? ???????????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????, ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????????????. ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????, ??? ???????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????.

? ???? ????? ? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????. ????? ???????, ??????????, ???????? ?? ?????????, ?? ??????, ????, ????? ??? ??????????. ???? 6 ?????? ???? ?????? ??? 15 ???? ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? 6 x 13. ????, ? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ????? ????????? ?????. ??? ????????? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????, ?? ????? ???????????? ??????. ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????.

??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????, ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? (????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????). ???? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????, ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????????, ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???????????. ??? ?????, ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????, ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????. ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ????, ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ? ???????? ?????????, ??????????? ?????. ?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????, ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????????.

?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????. ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ????. ???? ???????? ????? 31 ?. ??? ?????????? ??? 23 ?????????? ??????. ???? 12 ????????????? ? ???????????? ??? ???? ????????? 11 ? ?????????????. ???? ??? ???????? ??? 1812 ?? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? 1815 ???????????? ??? ????????? ???????, ???? ??? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ? ????????, ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. ? ???? ???????????? ?? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????, ????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ???. ? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ? ????? ???, ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????????????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????. ? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? 1765 ??? ?? ????? ??????????? J. Bocher ??? ? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? 1812 ??? ????? ??????????? ???????????. ????????? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?? 1902 ??? ??? ???????????? ????????, ??? ?? 1975 ????????? ? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????????. ?? 1982 ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??? ????????. ??? ?? 1987 ? ???? ????????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????.